Paper-2 content

Radiology & imaging Paper-2:

TOTAL mark-100

MCQ-25

SAB-25

Radiology Physics 

Section I: Basic Concepts

1.Introduction to Medical Imaging

• 1.1 The modalities
• 1.2 Image properties

2. Radiation and the Atom

• 2.1 Radiation
• 2.2 Structure of the Atom
• 2.3 Electromagnetic spectrum, wave concept and particle concept of electromagnetic radiation.

3. Interaction of Radiation with Matter

• 3.1 Particle interactions
• 3.2 X-ray and Gamma-Ray Interaction
• 3.3. Attenuation of X-rays and gamma rays gamma ray
• 3.4 Absorption of Energy from x-ray and ive dose
• 3.5 Imparted energy, equivalent dose, and Effective

4. Image Quality:

• 4.1 Spatial resolution
• 4.2 Convolution
• 4.3 Physical Mechanisms of Blurring
• 4.4 The Frequency domain
• 4.5 Contract resolution
• 4.6 Noise texture: The noise power spectrum
• 4.7 Contrast
• 4.8 Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
•  4.9 Signal – to Noise Ratio
• 4.10 Contrast-deta:l Diagrams
• 4.11 Detective Quantum Efficiency
• 4.12 Receiver operating characteristic curves

5. Medical Imaging Informatics

• 5.1 Analog and digital representation of Data
• 5.2 Digital Radiological Images
• 5.3 Digital Computers
• 5.4 Information storage devices
• 5.5 Display of digital images
• 5.6 Computer networks
• 5.7 PACS and teleradiology
• 5.8 Image processing
• 5.9 Security, including availability

Section-II:

6. Diagnostic Radiology

• 6.1 Production of X-ray
• 6.2 X-ray tubes
• 6.3 X ray generator
• 6.4 Power Ratings and Heat Loading and cooling
• 6.5 Factors affecting X-ray emission
• 6.6 Filters, XRay Beam Restrictors, Grid

7 .Radiography

• 7.1. Geometry of projection radiography
• 7.2 Screen film Radiography, Luminescent Screens,
• 7.3 Physical characteristics of X-Ray film and film processing, Photographic characteristics of X-Ray film,
• 7.4 Fluoroscopic Imaging
• 7.5 The Radiographic Image
• 7.6 Computed radiography, Digital Radiography, Digital Subtraction Imaging
• 7.7 Charge-X Coupled device and complementary metal-Oxide semiconductor
• 7.8 Flat panel thin-film-Transistor Array detectors
• 7.9 Technique Factors in Radiography
• 7.10 Scintillators and intensifying screens
• 7.11 Absorption efficiency and conversion efficiency
• 7.12, Radiographic detectors, patient dose, and exposure index
• 7.13, Dual-Energy Radiography
• 7.14 Scattered radiation in Projection Radiographic Imaging
• 8.Mammography
• 8.1 X-ray tube and beam filtration
• 8.2 X-ray generator and photo timer system
• 8.3 Compression, scattered radiation and Magnification
• 8.4 Screen-Film cassettes and film procession
• 8.5 Digital Mammography
• 8.6 Radiation Dosimetry
• 8.7 Regulatory Requirements

9.Fluoroscopy

• 9.1 Functionality
• 9.2 Fluoroscopic imaging chain componen
• 9.3 Fluoroscopic detector systems
• 9.4 Automatic exposure rate control
• 9.5 Fluoroscopy modes of operation
• 9.6 Image quality in fluoroscopy
• 9.7 Fluoroscopy suites
• 9.8 Radiation dose

10. Computed tomography

• 10.1 Clinical Use
• 10.2 CT system designs
• 10.3 Modes of CT acquisition
• 10.4 CT reconstruction
• 10.5 Image quality in CT
• 10.6 CT image artifacts
• 10.7 CT Generators

11. X-ray dosimetry in protection imaging and computed tomography

• 11.1 Attenuation of x-rays in tissue
• 11.2 Dose-related metrics in radiography and fluoroscopy
• 11.3. Monte carlo dose computation
• 11.4 Equivalent dose
• 11.5 Organ doses from X-ray procedures
• 11.6 Effective dose
• 11.7 Absorbed dose in radiography and fluoroscopy
• 11.8 CT dosimetry and organ doses
• 11.9 Computation of Radiation risk to the generic patient
• 11.10 Computation of patient specific radiation risk estimates
  
• 11.11 Diagnostic references levels
• 11.12 Increasing radiation burden from medical imaging
• 11.13 Summary: Dose estimation in patients

12. Magnetic resonance basics: Magnetic fields, nuclear magnetic

• 12.1 Magnetism, magnetic fields, and magnets
• 12.2 The magnetic resonance signal
• 12.3 Magnetization properties of tissue
• 12.4 Basic acquisition properties of tissue
• 12.5 Basic pulse sequences
• 12.6 MR Signal localization
• 12.7 K-space and acquisition and image reconstruction
• 12.8 Summary.

13. Magnetic resonance imaging: Advanced image Acquisition Methods, Artifacts, spectroscopy, quality control. Siting

• 13.1 Image acquisition time
• 13.2. MR Image characteristics
• 13.3 Signal from flow
• 13.4 Magnetization transfer contrast
• 13.5 MR artifacts
• 13.6 Magnetic resonance Spectroscopy
• 13.7 Ancillary components
• 13.8 Magnet siting, quality control
• 13.9 MR bio effects and safety
• 13.10 Summary

14. Ultrasound

• 14.1 Characteristics of sound
• 14.2 Interaction of ultrasound with matter
• 14.3 Ultrasounds transducers
• 14.4 Ultrasound beam properties
  
• 14.5 Image data acquisition
• 14.6 Two-Dimensional image display and storage
• 14.7 Doppler ultrasound
• 14.8 Miscellaneous ultrasound system performance and quality assurance
• 14.9 Ultrasound image quality and artifacts
• 14.10 Ultrasound system performance and quality assurance
• 14.11 Acoustic power and bio effects

Section III:

15. Nuclear Medicine

• 15.1 Radionuclide production
• 15.2 Nuclear transformation

16. Radionuclide production, Radiopharmaceuticals, and internal dosimetry

• 16.1 Radionuclide production
• 16.2 Radiopharmaceuticals
• 16.3 Internal dosimetry
• 16.4 Regulatory issue

17. Radiation detection and measurement

• 17.1 Types of detectors and basic principles
• 17.2 Gas-Filled detectors
• 17.3 Scintillation detectors
• 17.4 Semiconductor detectors
• 17.5 Pulse height spectroscopy
• 17.6 Nominating detectors applications
• 17.7 Counting statics.

18. Nuclear Imaging —The scintillation camera

• 18.1 Planar nuclear imaging: The anger scintillation camera
• 18.2 Computes in nuclear imaging

19. Nuclear imaging —Emission tomography

• 19.1 Focal plane Tomography in nuclear medicine
• 19.2 Single photon emission computed tompgraphy
• 19.3 Positron emission tomography
• 19.4 Dual modality imaging-Spect/CT, and PET/MRI
• 19.5 Clinical aspects, Comparison of PET and SPECT and dose

Section IV: Radiation biology and protection

20. Radiation biology

• 20.1 Overview.
• 20.2 Interaction of radiation with tissue.
• 20.3 Molecular and Cellular Response to Radiation.
• 20.4 Organ System Response to Radiation.
• 20.5 Whole Body Response to Radiation the Acute Radiation Syndrome.
• 20.6 Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis.
• 20.7 Hereditary Effects of Radiation Exposure.
• 20.8 Radiation Effects in Utero.

21. Radiation Protection

• Sources of Exposure to ionizing radiation.
• Personnel Dosimetry.
• Radiation Detection Equipment in Radiation Safety.
• Fundamental Principles and Methods of Exposure Control.
• Structural Shielding of Imaging Facilities.
• Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional X-ray Imaging.
• Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine.
• Regulatory Agencies and Radiation Exposure Limits.
• Prevention of Errors.
• Management of Radiation Safety Programs.
• Imaging of Pregnant and Potentially Pregnant Patients.
• Medical Emergencies involving lonizing Radiation.