Paper-2 content

Surgery paoer-2 syllabus :

Physiology and Biochemistry:

1. The Cell and Its Functions

• Organization and functional systems of a cell, Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis and Cell Function, Differentiation, Reproduction, Apoptosis, Neoplasm Membrane Physiology, Transport of Substances through Cell Membranes, Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

2. Blood and coagulation:

• Elements of blood, plasma proteins and haemopoesis, blood groups, transfusion of blood and blood products, Haemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolysis, Reticuloendothelial system, spleen, Defense mechanism of body, Tissue typing and organ transplantation

3. Circulation:

• Basic Principles of Circulatory Function, Circulatory mechanism, Relationship and control of pressure, resistance and blood flow. Venous Return, and their regulation, The Microcirculation, Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Flow.
  

4 .Heart as a functional unit:

• Cardiac function, Cardiac Output, Regulatory Mechanism. Mechanism of shock ang physiologic basis of correction of shock. Cardiac failure, Arrhythmia and Cardiac arrest. Basics of ECG and Echocardiography

5. Respiratory System:

• Pulmonary ventilation, Pulmonary circulation, Control of respiration, Lung function tests and their interpretation, Oxygen therapy, Ventilatory support

6. Gastrointestinal system:

• Gastro-intestinal motility and their regulation, Secretory and absorptive function of GIT, “Splanchnic circulation” Endocrine function of GIT.

7. Hepatobiliary system:

• Functions of liver and pancreas, Assessment of hepatic and pancreatic function, Entero-hepatic circulation, Biliary duct system and jaundice, Hepatic failure and effects on other systems.

8. The Body Fluids and renal physiology:

• Body Fluid Compartments and their constitution, Fluids in the "Potential Spaces" of the Body Fluid Volume and electrolyte regulation. Buffer system, Acid-base balance. Renal functions, Mechanism and regulation of urine production, Regulation of electrolytes and control of blood volume and ECF volume. Regulation of bladder function.

9. Metabolism and endocrine system:

• Carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid metabolism and their regulation by endocrine organs, Nutritional requirements in health and disease, Metabolic response to trauma Actions of different endocrine organs and regulation of their function, Control of body temperature

10. Nervous and musculoskeletal system:

• Cerebral function, functional areas and centers, higher psychic function, Sensory system, Pain and special senses, Control of motor functions and autonomic system Muscular contraction and reflexes, Reflex mechanisms.

B. Pharmacology:

1. General Pharmacology:

• Drug receptors, Mechanisms of actions of drugs, Drug interaction, Rational prescription of drugs.
  
  

2. Clinical pharmacology:

• Action, complications, Indications and contraindications of Analgesics, Antibiotics a other drugs used in surgical conditions, Antihypertensive, Anti-diabetics, Anti4 ombotic and other drugs used for co-morbid medical problems. Steroids and other ormone Replacement Therapy [HRT] in post-surgical patients, Common anti-cancer drugs, Monoclonal Antibodies

3.Toxicology:

• Poisonous substances, Drugs, Chemicals etc.

C. Biostatistics

• 1. Concepts ‘of medical biostatistics, Applications in medical science and limitations
• 2.Population, Sample , Sample Size and Sampling techniques
• 3.Variables
• 4. Types of Data, data collection and presentation,
• 5.Measures of dispersion
• 6. Probability
• 7.Tests of significance
• 8. Analysis of Data, uni-variate, Bi-variate and Multi-variate Analysis
• 9. Correlation and regression
• 10. Types of research and steps of a scientific research
• 11. Epidemiological studies, Demography and population statistics
• 12. Ethics in medical research